La región de Tumbes, ubicada en el norte de Perú, se ve afectada por los fenómenos climáticos de El Niño y La Niña. El Niño provoca una intensa precipitación, lo que resulta en altos flujos de agua y generación de sedimentos. En cambio, La Niña conlleva déficits de precipitación, resultando en flujos líquidos más bajos y cargas de sedimentos menores en comparación con El Niño. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los perfiles verticales de velocidad de flujo y la concentración de sedimentos en suspensión medidos en la estación hidrométrica El Tigre en el río Tumbes, ubicado a 50 km río arriba del estuario del Océano Pacífico, durante los períodos de inundación en los eventos de El Niño de 2017 y La Niña de 2018. Los perfiles verticales de velocidad de flujo, medidos utilizando un medidor de corriente de efecto Doppler, se modelaron aplicando la distribución teórica de velocidad del tipo log-wake. Se ajustaron parámetros como la velocidad de corte, la distancia desde el lecho donde teóricamente la velocidad del perfil de flujo se vuelve cero y el parámetro de estela. Los perfiles verticales de concentración de sedimentos en suspensión se modelaron utilizando la distribución teórica resultante de la distribución parabólico-lineal del coeficiente de mezcla de fluidos. Se ajustaron parámetros, incluyendo el diámetro medio de los sedimentos en suspensión y la concentración de sedimentos en suspensión de referencia cerca del lecho. El estudio concluyó que los perfiles verticales de velocidad de flujo y concentración de sedimentos en suspensión registrados durante el evento de El Niño de 2017 y el evento de La Niña de 2018 coincidieron razonablemente con la distribución teórica de velocidad del tipo log-wake y la distribución teórica de concentración de sedimentos en suspensión resultante de la distribución parabólico-lineal del coeficiente de mezcla de fluidos. Utilizando los modelos ajustados, se estimó que los tamaños medios de los sedimentos en suspensión calculados para el evento de El Niño de 2017 (62 a 132 µm) fueron aproximadamente 2 veces mayores que los calculados para La Niña de 2018 (25 a 67 µm), y que las concentraciones de sedimentos en suspensión de referencia en el lecho calculadas para el evento de El Niño de 2017 (254 a 1766 mg/l) fueron aproximadamente 7 veces mayores que las calculadas para La Niña de 2018 (95 a 250 mg/l).

The HF radar is a network of HF radio beacons and receivers for ionospheric sounding, and it has been operating in Peru since 2016. The purpose of this instrument is to measure the group delay, Doppler shift, power, and other parameters in order to estimate the regional plasma density as a function of space and time. This information is crucial for forecasting the occurrence of Spread-F. To improve the quality of the spectral data, two changes were made. The first one involved transmitting frequencies separated by 3.3 Hz in each transmission station, which allowed to spectrally separate and identify the signals coming from a given station, displacing the cross-talk in frequency but not eliminating it. Therefore, the second change was made, which corresponds to the development of an algorithm that extracts only the signals of interest from the measured spectrum. It is capable of detecting clusters of data in the spectra classifying them as coherent echoes, while noise sectors are discarded. The algorithm procedure and the comparisons of the spectra and final data are shown in this work.

The city of Lima - Peru is affected periodically by mudslides and floods caused by torrential rains near Lima's mountain region. The Jicamarca ravine is especially affected by this phenomenon and is also critical to the population because of its proximity to SEDAPAL's water treatment plant that provides drinking water service to approximately 80% of homes in Lima city. In addition to this, there are a lot of houses located near the riversides affected by the mudslides that could be affected by the overflows. This paper describes the implementation of a low-cost wireless sensor network based on Internet of Things (IoT) technologies designed for monitoring mudslides events made by the association of the Professional School of Electronic Engineering and Telecommunications of the Universidad Nacional Tecnológica de Lima Sur and the Radio Observatorio de Jicamarca, research facility of the Instituto Geofísico del Perú. The network consists of various monitoring stations based on the ESP32 microcontroller and it takes advantage of the Long-Range mode of this device. The radio links created have a range of more than 1 km and all of them are connected to one access point which has a connection to the internet using the IoT technology of the cellular mobile network. The access point sends data to a server in the cloud allowing access to sensors remotely without putting people's lives at risk. This project is part of a program of the Instituto Geofísico del Perú with the goal of implementing a National Mudslide Monitoring Center.

The Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO), funded by the USA National Science Foundation (NSF), operates several radars for different applications, from the main radar, an incoherent scatter radar used mainly for ionospheric activity observations, to ionosondes and wind profilers. Most of these radars use a centralized modular control system that commands all the radar sequences that require the radar modules, these tasks and sequences are controlled by pulsed digital signals. The device responsible for this operation is called the Radar Controller. A large number of customized Radar Controller versions were developed and built at JRO for decades, since the utilization of its first acquisition system. The current version of the Radar Controller is based on an RTL design written on VHDL language that implements a custom arbitrary waveform generator connected to an SRAM memory that stores all the data a given waveform needs. The Radar Controller uses a register based architecture to communicate between blocks internally. In JRO we use a Spartan 6 FPGA and it is controlled by a Tiva C microcontroller board which has an Ethernet port. A Restful API has been implemented on the microcontroller for user configuration. This paper will cover the VHDL RTL design of the current version of the Radar Controller core.

Quiet Days (QDs) play a crucial role in modeling diurnal variations and removing their contribution to compute regional geomagnetic indices. This project aims to develop a local QD identification process by adapting van de Kamp's criteria for selecting Local Quiet Days (LQDs). However, empirical testing has revealed that days classified as LQDs are not always truly quiet, as they may lack the magnetic signatures associated with diurnal variation. To address this limitation, we propose an automatic, unsupervised machine learning method that combines Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). This approach seeks to enhance the detection of truly LQDs within specified time windows, ensuring more accurate identification and analysis.

Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP), through its scientific facility at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO), monitors the upper atmosphere with different instruments: radars, GNSS receivers, magnetometers, among others. Through a National Science Foundation (NSF) MRI award, two Long Wavelength Array (LWA) receiving stations will be installed at 50 km south (Santa María) and 170 km east (Huancayo) of Jicamarca. Each station is composed of 256 dual-polarization antennas circularly distributed with a diameter of 100 m. In this poster, we present the development of the radio receiver mode for the Long Wavelength Array (LWA). The receiver consists of 16 AMD Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC ZCU102 devices and 128 ADS5296A ADCs, configured for 12-bit resolution with a sampling rate of 160 MSPS.

The Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO) is an Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) facility, dedicated to monitor the upper atmosphere with different instruments such as radars, GNSS receivers, magnetometers, among others. Ionosonde is a type of HF radar that uses multiple frequencies to survey the ionosphere and obtain estimates of electron density. In this poster we present the development of a low-cost radiofrequency signal generator for a ionosonde radar transmitter based on the Red Pitaya development board with a sampling frequency of 250 Msps, and the ability to transmit modulated signals with a frequency sweep ranging from 1 MHz to 60 MHz, providing the possibility of using it with other CW radars.

The latest data acquisition system running at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO) for the main radar has been used for more than seven years now. Although there are no major inconveniences on the performance, there have been some problems with internal interference which are related to the PCB design that uses old discrete components. A new design is proposed for the digital receivers, giving it more lifetime and flexibility for future modifications. The JESD204B protocol is ideal for radar applications, a JESD204B ADC together with an FPGA was proposed for the new design, making it capable of a wider bandwidth which could adapt the system to an SDR device in the future with the proper software. This paper will present the new PCB design, the IP cores implemented for the FPGA and some preliminary tests with development boards.

Coherent echoes from the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) region are detected at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO) by using an array of 16 Yagi antennas with a main beam pointed obliquely to the west with an elevation of about 35 deg. The spectrum of these observations are composed of two types of EEJ echoes (Type I and Type II)[1] from which we can estimate their main spectral parameters such as Doppler shift and spectral width independently for each type. Previously, the method applied to obtain these parameters was a standard fitting approach based on a double Gaussian model. However, in some cases, the shape of the spectral measurements are not symmetric (resembling the shape of a skewed distribution). Based on simulations, we determined that the skewed shape of the oblique EEJ spectrum comes from the fact that the measured spectrum is the result of the sum of spectral contributions coming from different heights, with different Doppler shifts and spectral widths weighted by the antenna beam shape. The overall result is an asymmetric spectrum with a peak that does not coincide with the average Doppler shift. Thus in order to account for this effect, we have implemented a double skewed Gaussian distribution model to fit the oblique EEJ measurements and estimate their spectral parameters. In this work, we present the results obtained in the simulation showing the skewed shape of the spectrum. Based on our simulations, we have also proved that the shift of the skewed Gaussian model can be interpreted as the Doppler shift of the echoes. In addition, some examples of the new fitting procedure are shown in comparison with the classical Gaussian fitting where it can be seen the better agreement between the data and the double skewed Gaussian model.

The Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO) operates a vertical incidence pulsed ionospheric radar (VIPIR) dedicated to probing the equatorial ionosphere. This high-resolution system runs 24/7 and complements the suite of observations performed at JRO. As the VIPIR ionosonde operates with a wide beam antenna and reflected signals are dispersed at distances far as 1500 km, we have designed, built, and installed four new VIPIR receivers dedicated to oblique sounding. These receivers increase and expand the system's field of view and enable unique measurements, yielding new scientific results. This poster describes the Ionospheric Echoes Receiver (IER) by listing its components and detailing the different parts of the hardware and software elements. The receivers use a USRP N200 by Ettus and an acquisition flowgraph implemented in GNU Radio Companion. In addition, we present the OOT (Out Of Tree block), which generates the demodulation signal and changes its frequency value each Inter Pulsed Period. We also show preliminary displays of the vertical and oblique ionograms acquired using the Jicamarca VIPIR and the new receivers.

Ground based techniques can be used to measure neutral zonal winds, such as the ISR technique which is usually performed to estimate zonal wind profiles from measured ion drifts at mid- and high-latitude but cannot be used at low-latitudes due to clutter from coherent echoes at E-layer (EEJ). Additionally, the Spread Spectrum Interferometric Multistatic meteor radar Observing Network (SIMONe) system, deployed in September 2019, can estimate neutral winds from specular meteor trail echoes in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region (70 - 110 km) which includes the EEJ layer, however the time resolution is 1 hour and it probes a larger volume than our oblique radar, then estimated winds will be a result of a contribution from different regions. Space-based missions have also been used to measure these winds such as the Michelson Interferometer for Global High-Resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) on board the ICON satellite, the Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) among others, but their measurements are not continuous over a specific latitude and longitude as they orbit around the planet. On the other hand, a technique to estimate zonal neutral winds from oblique EEJ type II Doppler shifts, sampled every minute approximately, was proposed by Shume et al. [2005]. This method predicts Doppler shifts from neutral winds, compares the Doppler with the measured ones and updates the winds until the best data-model agreement of the Doppler shift (RMSE≤2.0). Although wind estimations are limited to the EEJ echoes detection and SNR intensity, this method provides high time resolution wind profiles from 97 to 107 km approximately and might be complemented by other techniques. This work presents the first results of neutral wind estimations over the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO), a facility of Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP), at the EEJ region with a resolution of 5 minutes and 700 meters using oblique spectra data fitted by a skewed Gaussian distribution.

The main radar of the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO), for several years, has operated with two main modes, the ISR mode with big transmitters (1.5 MW), operating around 1000 hours per year, to survey the ionosphere and obtain parameters such as drifts, densities and composition; and the JULIA mode with low power transmitters (20 kW), operating around 4000 hours per year, to measure mostly coherent echoes such as Equatorial Electrojet, Spread F and 150 km echoes to provide with a proxy of the behavior of the ionosphere. Starting in 2022, two new solid-state transmitters were installed at JRO, with peak power of 96 kW each, making it possible to not only detect coherent echoes but to be able to estimate zonal and vertical drifts in the ionosphere too. This new mode, called JULIA Medium Power (JULIA MP), is capable of measuring the same coherent echoes as the original JULIA but able to estimate zonal and vertical drifts up to 500 km. This work will present the preliminary results of this mode, comparisons of the coherent echoes obtained with JULIA and JULIA MP and finally show the quality of drifts we are getting with this medium power mode.

A network of HF radio beacons and receivers for ionospheric sounding has been operating in Peru since 2016. The purpose of this instrument is to measure the group delay, Doppler shift, power, and other parameters in order to estimate the regional plasma density as a function of space and time, this information is crucial for forecasting the occurrence of Spread-F. The HF radar used only one frequency for transmission and reception that generated interference between different transmitter stations in the analyzed spectrum. To improve the quality of the spectral data, changes were made to the operation of the radar. Spectral separation of the transmitted signals was carried out, followed by the implementation of an algorithm that extracts only the signals of interest from the measured spectrum, discarding the noisy areas. The procedure for the changes made to the HF system, along with comparisons of the final data, is shown in this work.

In this paper we present the current progress in the construction of the first X-band dual-pol mobile weather radar (SOPHy) in Peru. This portable mobile system allows scans in azimuth and elevation with a maximum range of 60 km. The radar transmission and reception systems are based on SDR (Software Defined Radio) technologies for configuration flexibility. The objective of the radar is to study precipitation in an area of several tens of kilometers around the radar, in order to research the climate and atmospheric conditions in Peru.

The Jicamarca incoherent scatter radar can be operated in different modes to measure the main physical parameters of the equatorial ionosphere. One of these modes is the Faraday/Double Pulse experiment that was designed to estimate F -region plasma densities and electron/ion temperatures by pointing the Jicamarca antenna beam off-perpendicular to the geomagnetic field. For several years, the data processing for this mode was performed in time domain (correlation analysis), but sometimes the data is contaminated with frequency interference and other unwanted signals that are not easy to remove. To obtain better results, a spectral analysis procedure for this mode has been implemented in Signal Chain, a python-based radar signal processing library developed at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory. Signal Chain includes algorithms for interference and clutter removal to clean the spectral data before estimating the geophysical parameters. The procedure applies an outlier removal algorithm before calculating incoherently averaged power spectra. This algorithm, based on the Hildebrand-Sekhon method, is applied to sequences of spectral data for each frequency bin. Then, the DC clutter from the self- and cross-spectra is removed as a second step in the cleaning process. In this work, we present the results obtained with the spectral analysis procedure applied to the the FaradaylDouble Pulse experiment and compared the electron densities estimated with this method with the ones obtained with the standard correlation analysis.

La rápida urbanización de las ciudades está cambiando el clima local, lo que genera altas temperaturas y entornos urbanos densos y difíciles, carentes de agua y vegetación[1]. La presente contribución estima la intensidad de Isla de Calor Urbano Superficial (ICUS) durante el periodo 2001 – 2022 para el Área Metropolitana de Huancayo (AMH), Perú. Se cuantificó formación de la Isla de Calor Urbano Superficial, a partir de 2 métodos: el primero es el método de Streutker, el cual ajusta la temperatura superficial del suelo (LST) (superficie urbana y rural) a una superficie Gaussiana. El segundo, método de cuantil propuesto por José Flores, usa la diferencia entre el cuantil 0.95 de LST del área urbana y la mediana del LST del área rural. Ambos métodos usan data de sensoramiento remoto de LST a 0.05⁰ de resolución, obtenido del sensor MODIS a bordo del satélite TERRA y AQUA. Para el AMH, durante los periodos diurnos, la intensidad de ICUS en marzo y julio representan el máximo y mínimo incremento. El periodo nocturno, presentó valores máximo y mínimo en agosto y diciembre respectivamente. En general se consiguió mostrar las principales causas del incremento de temperatura superficial es el pavimento asfaltado, donde la temperatura puede ser hasta 60 °C. Por ello es importante proponer medidas de mitigación como construcciones y pavimentos sostenible que ayuden a mitigar el incremento de temperatura superficial. Así como la importancia de considerar la Floresta o plantaciones vegetales en un diseño o zonificación urbana.